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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
% ]- d5 X$ w3 u; @7 IBoy Induced by Indirect Topical8 [& u6 F$ r4 `3 t2 C
Exposure to Testosterone: P* ~- R2 p- n" H0 b3 l- d( P6 S
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
; K7 n4 X0 `. L0 qand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1: g- V# Z& I. A* w; S' H
Clinical Pediatrics3 q, K( x- `( G) M8 ?" o0 u
Volume 46 Number 6  g7 h: r' I- W
July 2007 540-543' O( D- ^6 V9 u9 k  \  [% r) _- b
© 2007 Sage Publications
: F  u# Z# P6 t8 J: Z10.1177/0009922806296651
- r* ~( r; L. L+ N) fhttp://clp.sagepub.com' U+ _6 \, C7 T( \; ~* y
hosted at0 B. j3 j4 L  x6 K2 p& U
http://online.sagepub.com  Y1 ?$ V' `+ y* u: ~" m) z
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,% s! G: d4 H. p& V& p' t
is a significant concern for physicians. Central% Z7 V8 q- V4 |) r, R0 s! s
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated3 ^  o$ S% W" M
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
. s3 o/ [: j" x- _. va higher incidence of organic central nervous system9 V% E+ Z; p9 m) M5 s# Z
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
2 Q9 y/ k7 Q/ ~  l' U  V2 cby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
% x7 s9 ?  a3 Y: b  Z0 Thair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-$ U$ O- y1 E  K# i" t8 ~, K
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
( ^. t: _1 }/ s2 ]$ j+ |report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
: Q, u; ?& J5 F( C8 H& @/ Benlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-3 m- M# h, H' Q  f1 z3 D7 {: B6 I
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due: A& |# F) S) b0 V
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
0 g. q( K2 ^  Q+ K  pthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-* O- c3 |# T6 P1 H( N9 t1 P
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
& x: D5 Q) |* ?$ u& _child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
: O3 M& |6 l7 [testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
; w) B& p7 m. g: i0 sbly more common than the rare case report in the
- t0 o# S( J4 T  tliterature.4
' l( s( k2 D# Y0 XPatient Report2 f: a: ^& Y" e
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
, h) z$ B+ G* F- U! p4 r2 Kendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
" y2 f% y( z* U, I! a$ cof early sexual development. His mother noticed5 \0 V/ p6 G; W2 a$ T
light colored pubic hair development when he was2 N  ]# P1 T; F9 o) H
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of9 v; u& v2 A0 U; B- O8 K
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.0 w1 I' b3 _2 O6 G( y* V8 E9 M; F
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,+ q5 W4 y3 W+ g, O( l  o
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
& v8 h: c6 o9 [0 U9 RMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;3 b, Y+ Q1 W& x9 ]% B
e-mail: [email protected]., A8 {. \+ |0 ~6 Q& m6 ^" E
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became0 s, W# T" [* R- x, ]; I
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-  q6 b+ m; E6 f: t# l& o
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
" h, V( }/ R  h; B  U1 W' K" G5 v: Pwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with) R" X+ u% z& W2 ]1 n  c( [8 N
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
5 Z" c. @% h7 X% ?. o0 K20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
/ e2 f) V4 i' `% Gof life and was still receiving breast milk along with# j2 O( F: w3 Y7 L1 ~9 b; h( a  C
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,/ Z* S0 e0 O' q; k
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development4 }' W* w' Z) I9 |; s
was age appropriate.& X! H8 k' R" W% n" b. Z, ~) `
The family history was remarkable for the father,$ g- ?6 G: W$ a
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,& m7 j  i. b$ z
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s0 P4 H* Q: s2 }( |
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat% A3 G# ]9 B( e; U  U' }) S
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
" f! n. W& i9 `6 t& JThe father denied taking any other medication. The
6 b$ G1 u; `* lchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
  Q/ a4 y) L" y0 Swas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
8 t# J1 z6 Y) G! h( |1 p5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
+ u; z! ~( x6 L% Ecocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
% L8 ^0 E/ y( l# ~tives. There were no siblings.; p. w# H% }; v' r" l' E7 o
Physical Examination
1 F' q) b: w. Y2 s0 l+ p$ G) L  NThe physical examination revealed a very active,; l. `; D; e+ H, O3 a! f6 ~1 B
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented/ h7 W& J/ V+ @; ~
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
5 J$ G! [( W* w; Y: ^90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
/ C# B! y* A8 p1 R3 j# @(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth( I# f2 q( e! o4 q, s
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
- y# m; A8 D5 c& othe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
* x: m) N8 b' O4 }The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
4 ?# i0 X) ^! H9 \( a$ henlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
% q& z) n/ @7 V/ Q5 b/ S, _8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
+ I" B6 R, |1 k  ddeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around. [& ]) @9 w* W& o
5409 k: x" Q( D- C
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the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
, W/ }/ `4 h* z; [testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.) h. w  v" ]/ I2 q6 w/ ]
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat2 I) `1 o& b, [; |8 s* A8 Z
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no" }$ `6 O* \- g: }# @
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
( {3 q+ H( u) Z5 F. HNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
# ?" R( u7 R0 C: |1 @bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion5 |5 x4 ]# b4 S. @- {2 J
of papilledema.6 }/ P( d; N1 c0 R
Laboratory Evaluation
) u4 a+ l" o" X. d" {  ~0 e1 V9 aThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
. v4 u: N) d1 V# r4 X9 N; ?using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-' G/ F: J3 F2 ?4 W2 t; T
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal! f, y, w: }! n- _% k
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
2 B. p  j/ q* N" s% Fshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-; H" I7 M/ p- i' p8 V) j
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).+ m! {; @+ y; n' q( U
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
( C4 `+ d2 y( W, W+ i% l6 xurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were. }; [2 m" \3 r  U% s7 s) Y) e) Z
within normal range for his age. The concentration
7 j9 y  I' X. W8 Fof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL( x! i: V6 ^' x0 J
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20* }! Z! W7 c' K( E
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
; ?8 J( s! d0 V/ `1 E3 }terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
3 H! N/ k$ n% A: K' ?2 L2 Y3 e' `  Pdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
, E9 `" J$ R( E  F( h49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)  `- z  J* j  }" g8 d* }
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
# K& ]- q* h- }" u) P& x. C5 b) xtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total4 J6 L' K( {8 N; w- u
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
4 N9 J6 T' v4 X2 Yand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than2 Z" e1 c4 `4 M+ c1 x* {
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular" y$ z; e0 H7 _$ L& ~7 {5 @
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone. _/ ^* U& \2 Q6 `3 u% j0 t$ H
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
- f& I& G' Z( X* B) |. [/ ~5 g# U4 v(prepubertal).
* T; u, O- \9 W) F7 [$ y  {The parents were notified about the laboratory
- G( D$ t7 r! T) v4 J4 F3 D; Y; Uresults and were informed that all of the tests were8 [, c" }5 c5 b: l: ]2 V
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
0 A' y! D( Q: q  Y: F" [: Rfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to; N2 c$ W) {6 A; l7 \; G) i8 R( P% i
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
* u. ?! J2 W0 M: gever, the family did not return for 4 months.
& a3 E% {# L* P' DPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
8 L  f; _: d2 t) Z' {child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
+ }$ z( U3 z2 G0 K5 Z3 P2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
  I5 T$ _( x3 S  B6 Aunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
& R% m0 C9 x8 o9 ~& U) qpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at' J; i! Q6 m# w! u: D9 U
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2' O% D% l( _' F& {
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
' C4 \. K1 O4 D* \3 }The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
( N/ Q' Q! }4 uing frequent erections.
# ^+ Q! l; r& q# GBoth parents were again questioned about use of
# a/ _5 U+ @* N! w( r9 `any ointment/creams that they may have applied to1 m- y0 D) d- D* F7 W6 d! c6 W
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the/ ~1 U; l8 ]3 w$ t* J
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
9 W; p. u! S0 M. Y. S: l( ause of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
& `2 l2 D2 F% o! p) Ging over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for; W9 S/ C. z& T+ {! a
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
0 z5 L3 K1 [/ n1 Pto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
! [6 R: A. k( |: ~; ascribed by his family physician for decreased libido
6 ?, g) p2 X5 \7 A' d# _, |secondary to depression.
! G0 z0 K. p1 j5 V/ E9 t7 wThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
( r) j5 d6 [$ a& }* Y' r3 @The father would hug the baby and hold him on his+ h% @9 g  ?( d! F$ I& D& i+ r) A, X
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
0 j- M5 X- J! r3 ]0 U8 n0 }nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
6 T# t! ]" |9 f) r0 {The father also admitted that after the phone call,! Z6 P. `3 ~" U
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby+ f& |% m# q7 F; e7 F
was high, he then read the product information
8 O+ V& S; J) cpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-! ~! U, V- N/ ]3 @0 c4 p, p
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
' j3 i8 v# [0 }! C; fdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the: ]. [7 O3 [) \
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had5 P4 P3 ?- _  o& O, N4 N4 U  P/ I
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
4 Q7 G7 m8 ?, x( C% Q% {test was ordered, but the family did not go to the) J4 @$ N* Q1 B, I8 |7 L( z& v
laboratory to obtain the test.% u8 z0 ]' u, F) J
Discussion
  D- n* L; [) i" J! WPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
3 r2 v) A/ u. B: U* l" }2 ^* C7 Rsexual development before 9 years of age.1,40 q) w+ Z1 |' [4 z% |
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when  u  Y- {7 j8 w) S, P+ S7 H3 z: ]
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-3 o* q' L- s/ C
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-  B) q( d9 o7 a5 G
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP, U" ]9 @. B* d( ?
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
, O5 O5 c7 M5 R* \. F% l+ Lresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-; N! y2 ?, W+ _6 w" a3 P; k! H
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
) }( d% h3 ^, ]. y( I- A$ Usis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in' w& T! O, E- s" {
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
3 {' `3 ^: I# T' w! P7 H+ I3 fization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-% c4 n: P- Y2 }  r( N# Y# I
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by9 u. B* D: x# t2 G! z! `
gonadotropins.1,3
& a2 ]4 ~7 m1 {" Z' U) t* cGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
+ j% R+ g) {' t8 ucious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
- v. q6 T6 H, ^# `# Landrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or; P+ z* `0 ~! p! V' [
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-" b. l, q0 [4 x6 U2 a9 O1 x
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
1 L! w, f' {. D' Ncongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
  I# J- [. r# uadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
0 |/ z. a: t0 U1 _, f" Ipuberty in boys.3,4# n) P9 @( x3 v/ @1 Q9 Q
The most common form of congenital adrenal
* Z. f- K  W! c5 _8 `hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
# a$ O; e0 L, rThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
* `0 z/ w# H/ X7 q# G3 g0 Dexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,+ _7 U, Q5 |' [$ ^7 e
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
8 M( B( p5 S) i# j* e: F# s: bexcess.1,3
9 x' j/ a1 Q4 y  ]( ^- p/ Aat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
# Q5 X9 ?8 l* W/ u; H& m+ H542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20077 P; \5 u3 M  |% ?" q' r
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
9 ~& x( t6 v5 V/ |independent precocious puberty, which is also known
% W1 s' t6 j6 l1 K* Oas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
* t1 o4 K' s) u$ F' k* l" p/ |very young age. The physical findings in these boys
6 p- [7 x1 P( K7 D) h/ Ywith this disorder are full pubertal development,3 t( i# ^' c; b. ^5 l/ I, @& n
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
6 Y3 R& E7 g! r( zwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
0 m, _7 C+ `6 X9 eare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
1 i* Z* k4 R0 D9 o9 r; \pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-! Q* }- C9 w' d5 A; u
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked6 U5 W+ t. M+ S% z, o7 h" X; j
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
+ a9 V" B/ K! g7 d! K* U$ q! Y, Smales; therefore, other male members of the family
+ L0 K0 a" c: m8 O2 jmay have similar precocious puberty.3
% \# u# a* m8 R! f# aIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
, ]( I& j; I0 X( L$ @/ T( p/ Fsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-' W% d& ?* Q( p+ L- m/ |$ c7 L: }
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis; }+ b% ~; l) G. R: i: _
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
; f0 h, }- U! B' D( ~& @9 i# T5 wstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
4 u2 h( p9 B3 i7 p( itesticular enlargement is not that evident in the$ p4 d3 H6 L4 D4 h: {# L# ^2 O( l
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
" A. F1 a- o% v! o: q* h; C- k  ~ative initial history of androgen exposure, our( R+ N' f5 i7 k; D
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,9 s' k. C+ A6 O/ b- R/ v
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase2 j: b# b7 b) O2 _5 f2 o
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
6 ]2 o& |+ y3 Z- y, V: S( E0 d6 Eing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
6 V( `% I7 e' q: ZThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly- ?! K$ T. L7 G! k8 C
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
2 \3 g1 j/ E* [& y/ A; ?the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
$ H% ?% G* ^( O; ~pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and; W: c' Y% b+ |4 u0 K8 J  U
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-! W( P4 m6 c; }: B" t: t, y
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was1 b. T6 @8 l6 m: D7 S3 F2 G
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
8 h2 C0 ]4 X) i2 b; S/ d8 ODesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or$ U- B1 k% v( Y( Z% M9 M
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
! M" J& h" _2 m0 \) k; i1 K1 dunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
0 q3 n! ~2 V8 H) @% oSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
" `4 |) l" d4 B; gbaseline value in those females who were exposed to8 f& h, y) ]& k
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male' @% B) P. K' _( U: x  e
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-5 ]. s5 n( u$ J" B6 N' \. l
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
  @4 }  u$ D% r' {. i6 K) sOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
- v4 R( ~* n+ I& N: {( N/ q2 Iwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that$ c! i# ?; E' A1 p* n4 w
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-" R' W( H+ i& b
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more( V- f! F6 b* x0 F
active in young children exposed to testosterone
$ v/ S: T) i; P1 G- G. p3 Xexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-. Y1 g0 |) }6 [* \( l% U
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to' k* c/ \" j( E- W8 p; l; \
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in* ~/ E! C% W0 B8 J7 h3 M
children results in an increase in growth velocity and! x$ E# q; O  I$ ^% |
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.& X3 y9 ~+ [: t
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during, F$ H# E! ?' g) V
early childhood on pubertal development and final# @- N* B8 o- K5 d, k4 q0 ~
adult height are not fully known and always remain+ r! y9 r5 `  Y9 {- i/ \# z
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
" J$ i- k+ j3 n3 g/ p/ qterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
- m: x( T6 \9 {3 O3 Hacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
) \) U$ S9 N; t' R# S8 @cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation; Z6 g# J' f& t: k0 x% L7 n
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9" \- L2 y* G" ], f2 v2 g1 z
There are conflicting reports and controversy
" W8 x9 A3 L9 {" r* |$ \3 qover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult( T7 Q: Q$ i7 [( X% Z; c
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
5 {4 A% b7 G  ~1 X# @$ ]adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
* J- W$ K! \& Pulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,- p: Q' k3 {  h4 y/ ^& V7 l
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
! `* d/ j4 L: M4 g! g+ i% D# Zchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult# D+ m9 b% [7 R! y
penile length in clinical studies.
$ Q% I/ y0 @6 v, wNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
6 |1 }' `- ^( k4 u" K$ Jgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from! w+ j# l; E$ k& L
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because8 s. A+ c1 _) f9 n+ F, W& A1 t  W! G
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.& _& A1 R$ g4 _5 a, z. Q
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of$ A: R. Q$ x0 I9 `& A
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
: u4 o8 M7 h( X' @the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult! M# C: e# V' O( I" _7 A7 ~- B
height will not be affected.
3 N) ~/ ]' J$ c) c1 W4 i5 s! BAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-9 `$ Z2 E2 X0 W3 i9 X& [
ability of androgen products in our society may2 q  E/ Y1 }( \# G/ A9 E
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
" f" d# @) e( R& k" }8 f6 d0 r9 Cchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-" @8 b2 X6 b" O# H* H
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
/ t5 y# n$ H' Y& Ttioning about the use of a testosterone product or
2 s8 @1 ?# E6 bgel should be asked of the family members during
, d( {* J8 E/ A8 K- v3 j" Athe evaluation of any children who present with vir-! N# {+ }+ g8 T9 [# R
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
! \7 {# m" z: @/ C- |! hnosis can be established by just a few tests and by# J  b- i( d; W+ q# E: W* T
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a5 S3 D' C2 {4 p8 A7 G
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may- ~9 }, k: R* O
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive9 U. Z7 m" j& ?
investigation. The primary care physician should be; p4 J$ z7 F- K) u3 ]+ D
aware of this fact, because most of these children, y) a) [+ W8 }8 |  M
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’: _) [6 R7 l$ I8 M
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a; t2 j2 A! q- b5 _" q2 ~
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or5 ^; d: |5 X+ D- G
female child who might come in contact with some-: I$ ~6 p2 s0 g
one using any of these products.. `7 `5 o6 a. R/ Q
References
7 f8 D3 ?- a' L1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation6 D' S8 t9 q* k" \2 d
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric2 E% _. e, T/ ~1 o* y+ }
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
, @% \# ]; ~  }4 o- p0 a2002: 565-628./ m1 H0 J) {4 h2 ^
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious3 o3 T2 o% l/ [1 A2 F# i
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old' I2 W2 r- L5 y2 q
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
# v5 B. ~) O$ v6 u- QExposure to Testosterone
" j3 ~: I  ]2 F" x1 k: {. FSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
! _( a  B5 x2 ~6 T  _. v: i) Vand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
4 A, c* v7 p2 K& k8 cClinical Pediatrics
5 v6 D# D4 V8 ?Volume 46 Number 6& f! {7 m5 W% E
July 2007 540-543$ F7 l* O+ p, A7 z* U) G1 C
© 2007 Sage Publications
5 P2 W8 N; Q1 S/ }' K10.1177/0009922806296651
, v8 P: W) Q7 M# yhttp://clp.sagepub.com
( ?" _: }) ^* D1 B2 q* jhosted at
" p3 X( n: \4 I4 H5 U& f3 v+ Chttp://online.sagepub.com
7 Z1 S; I( C1 b% N( m9 GPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,  B# z/ P9 _/ L4 u
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
- F2 t/ Z5 y) s2 }) }* Q" r9 I- oprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
, w1 B+ G( _' l: f" r$ d, Jthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has  s# R8 D4 W8 _4 D2 O. t
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
) Y1 {: s4 i: D5 `" t- @8 J' m$ U! ^lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
9 \! l* J2 _3 N- `( lby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
6 }6 C; N% S! v7 R; y. ~3 Khair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-4 J* L' W; X. n$ C0 m, `
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
6 u8 p* l& ^9 J4 {. mreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the# s& K$ r* {# b5 @. T: k1 @
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
7 R/ ^' z% H0 f1 Z- f7 T/ _7 Kment without testicular enlargement, which was due
; ~/ U- ~2 R- `& W6 _2 ~to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
+ ]- ?' j* c2 j0 v# @" Wthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-* k3 z4 ~% h/ N7 I- R
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this0 _* N7 @) |* N6 q
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
3 h+ I& w; n$ q2 o, B) x; vtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-, A5 l# r9 t9 x
bly more common than the rare case report in the; M  y$ O, o4 D2 G) w
literature.46 }! f  G- Y1 B# P3 }
Patient Report
- V7 P- j9 V3 u8 ?$ }A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
8 ]3 @: {) b. d! t9 Jendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
4 S. L5 j3 B1 C& e5 y9 @6 Yof early sexual development. His mother noticed
  ?: L) ?+ c  y/ ~light colored pubic hair development when he was
+ T0 J  x6 Q9 f2 f- \1 g. dFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of$ n/ h, S0 h9 {+ P9 D
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
; _, X- a1 f' C( ?; w) e  f9 aAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
  g/ C' L$ T7 T1 wProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
% e- b+ U# c2 s% TMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
- o/ |6 `% V$ G7 @6 t3 U4 we-mail: [email protected].* f; n1 @4 g' ]/ p1 b. U+ w
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
7 S* _' w- ]- M& J+ K/ P+ t6 Kdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-3 n/ |5 ^9 \: L# k: W
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child* t& x1 |& R* L$ [" A# P8 U: V/ }
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
( s# |& }  C) D- ~( e) A/ v1 la birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of, l% A+ R) w& j2 O# l- \
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year7 B; C# s9 ^% ?
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with" m2 S9 a5 v* b% E" U# ?: R
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
2 Q) f" K2 U1 H* Xand his psychosocial and psychomotor development) v8 x- z/ A3 C) z* Y/ p, r! x! \" _
was age appropriate.% X' v& \8 f& G) @: O. C, ?
The family history was remarkable for the father,
- V5 ^8 }8 ]# X9 c6 I) J! ^7 Mwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16," r& {7 N8 O' I4 C
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
2 K8 e8 e0 n/ x" |3 wheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
" g8 U  G; E0 P% M5 f( I9 b- yearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
+ P! }9 N) x) R2 m: l  c+ bThe father denied taking any other medication. The; L; I  y- i) F. M0 @! o, e
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
: j3 m; A5 {" W9 `0 nwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
% O: h4 b' p* O9 i6 ]7 c5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-8 V) u# B1 a7 ?4 ~9 c' P7 A
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
4 E6 r5 o: }" Z4 w& U: E3 t4 c- Rtives. There were no siblings.
- i! _& W* u: d  _' Q; FPhysical Examination
+ x1 m( t; V" p# j3 oThe physical examination revealed a very active," G3 Q, N/ K, x# V+ w
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
* V8 l) g) t' _$ da blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
- S. u) S1 N0 W* g! R: x" _90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg5 u0 k' W4 E% G1 t8 |* q2 N6 |
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth6 Z4 D0 d* I8 Y* [
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of1 O0 h5 J1 f9 \9 q- B2 Z2 t
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
, O% _: T& D& F; n& h1 [The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
: g9 _6 g* @5 F- i& Aenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
/ f! ]( s) j! u' b8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
% Q+ r: ^& K; R: a- ddeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
' E+ v' B2 i/ j& O8 Z540
. |" p* A9 F: ]/ V1 F6 Sat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from3 \( A5 d/ m* U* A+ d* C( _( w
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
4 @+ i6 n, p8 T& m+ S$ m  I& o; [testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.+ a7 M+ z1 x8 Q5 G% ?
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
4 r2 y/ G5 u! J$ y! ~oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no4 A3 T+ T' f5 ], v8 [3 ^; [9 l
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
1 |7 _4 g' U" t- E2 O. Y4 ?# cNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
' B# U2 |3 ]9 ]" v' Y0 p7 m0 P$ ^/ Gbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion% N3 C% L6 B2 x( a+ ^1 _+ U) g, N
of papilledema.7 N1 k2 s; s5 X  M' V) r* |, J
Laboratory Evaluation1 Z# E8 G5 {. J2 S
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by6 V9 \% Z. s1 v+ e2 U
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-8 f; K; r% v1 s
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal6 c4 A9 L- Q7 k
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test  ~/ V9 y- F9 }: W- Q& }2 ^8 Q
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
$ b: Y0 z, j/ D$ i+ L$ Ylating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
% z0 b* O  K6 f+ n5 w. A$ B5 @$ nThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
% I1 E) F7 y8 T, I% ]' H3 I$ turea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
. K* [: l  E: [  T  Zwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
1 D: Y$ b/ X# Q+ h! j. gof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL. R7 Z$ ]* q2 j; J. W
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
3 B. g) [' u) E  B- C$ yng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-3 H. G  z1 c5 L; X
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
8 f: `# O5 L  K( e) \# R( s" udesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
% C' q& E" d% D6 `% Z  Y' Q49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)6 K  i* a9 w' x
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
+ N" e' H) C$ T/ k. L2 Atisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
7 I0 s/ K! P( i3 ?5 K  ^& [" q. n# @: W+ rtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
0 y( F- w3 J) A: X# c* U  cand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
) S4 m' t4 r- g0 U* F6 H( j" L$ n, {5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
' ~" f0 J3 p3 }2 J, b1 S1 tstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
2 n- Y5 q2 E' R( |concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
% A; H2 K5 V5 q( ?& q(prepubertal).$ g& _( Y$ O' K& e& J' N6 Q5 e
The parents were notified about the laboratory
# t" q: V& o+ A, W) L* wresults and were informed that all of the tests were6 H& \( a3 E  e9 _, N- y4 l! O9 _
normal except the testosterone level was high. The) i, s7 E8 V# K" g( L8 s
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to0 @# C; r! T9 ?# h! }% H) F$ c
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
2 e) H/ v, n$ [0 `7 T5 h. aever, the family did not return for 4 months.
) w* r& u4 x' V! y* v( gPhysical examination at this time revealed that the5 W9 e" l& V) P+ H  s8 E+ z
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
! z0 R+ b% D  {: K7 x9 H# l2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
* Y  [. S" g- e) Funchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-; ?% m9 [7 f+ k# W: }2 c
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
2 L% y1 @5 j2 r! R9 i& z; Kthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
5 A* V" ~$ U- X4 a( O& }$ nmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
7 U7 B+ {% Z; cThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
; L2 O9 ^" M" G5 p: {& hing frequent erections.
+ W! a$ R% L" N0 }1 W$ XBoth parents were again questioned about use of
" o' Z! b  ~0 e/ ?any ointment/creams that they may have applied to9 ]" {' f9 X' p, }7 R! O
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
( C; W1 q; C  ~+ I( l% z$ STopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
+ @& t$ J5 @$ g0 A+ `use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
0 a+ j# H/ [$ C- y  iing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for, k! ]; h  W2 p+ @4 ]
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
) l# l# p- j1 n* Wto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-/ ]7 ]! b0 |$ y, B8 Q
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
- J0 n, {0 \0 o% a# usecondary to depression.0 [" B, H' i0 U
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
9 j) e, S5 O. }3 k9 `The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
! T: y& K; u4 g' a, N( Z1 q  Ochest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-$ s" ~+ t6 p& s: g3 G) Q8 B
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.7 T) l0 q9 O$ {1 \; f: H
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
" s( ~$ W; }1 ^( r  {) dwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
  m) Z: b* z. \5 f' P4 R9 Pwas high, he then read the product information
% x, E! {: `) Q7 |; ^- z5 d, Mpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-3 m+ t( y% n& k( y" j. ^$ L# Y
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they0 E2 [# s1 ~0 d
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
+ f: |1 G4 D" ^7 A# J% ]3 \father was not hugging him with bare skin and had. L# K4 F. A& _7 q
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone  a: H( S5 V4 Y# |' q# e( W
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the! h% p: a6 c4 d) W. ^9 ~
laboratory to obtain the test.- O& H8 }( O4 F1 ^
Discussion% O5 _  y6 k6 l2 N2 r  f: `. q
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary7 c* I' S" E! L! E
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4( v9 c1 W5 i8 B" I( ?: e
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
$ H  a4 W7 n6 l& M7 Eit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-: F; i; d4 S  G/ v: b& {
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
/ O  K+ [  I$ l/ O5 Xmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP- O; ~8 r! R8 M9 l
may have a central nervous system lesion that is" `& d3 T- h9 t# a$ v" Z
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-) F  m+ b7 Z+ a' q& [; x
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-) ^. f# m2 J) _* m* R2 ?
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in3 ]6 y, L0 R% j! g9 b, y
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-3 V" n/ F7 G& w  R' W
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-. `; P4 J' r4 @/ c5 f* w% Q( H+ R7 b6 ~' e
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
: V8 R3 q; O2 b- q/ ?- Z# Zgonadotropins.1,3
; y6 ~( Z& [; l6 v# I3 R2 m+ fGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-6 B& x+ D+ Z! ^& P0 K* y  X
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
) B/ e) b" ~; S8 M& d2 P4 t# |3 Wandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
' W+ Y8 s& Q3 f; e  uexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
5 [& b1 s7 f3 s+ y6 D; Culation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
7 b* P( ~3 h# `' ]7 S- M& pcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
" m- {, c4 O( N5 T4 M/ Radrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious* m" C, i! y$ ~) W8 T, B; h8 ?+ n! m
puberty in boys.3,4
% ]( ~& g, v' A! g3 t+ {The most common form of congenital adrenal
5 m2 \% O8 l* u# ]$ Bhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.- e* f5 t9 s3 g# t9 }* P( X
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in! }+ l# m% x) `1 g' O, V
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,8 p" j6 s. ]+ R' N( J9 Q
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
2 }6 m' h8 w  g: m: }6 q1 y! `excess.1,3
6 \- E. a& \( @+ a; Y0 zat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
+ j6 r. q! v/ d' x$ T: w" ~" L542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
$ i, f+ K9 I+ t  |+ wA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-1 y( a3 h+ V  j' `: j
independent precocious puberty, which is also known, B. v$ {* a7 o- `7 d0 {! m
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a; A5 d: L7 E( f, x0 U: W0 R) {, ]
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
6 q  b) s5 m* v4 m3 G6 Vwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
8 T! D+ `5 m. z! r7 H* X9 iincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
$ J8 }8 E: R, x: E) H% B7 s3 Z8 ?with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
' z% T& R( j8 n( e" xare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show* P0 H0 ?. ?% ~) R0 J& Q- S- R- ~
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-# t+ H: M7 ^+ N% |- d
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked, X( @: Q. P  e) V4 j
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only- l& B. Q2 R# T2 k: N0 Q: F( n" d
males; therefore, other male members of the family3 B, P0 [) C5 R: V4 C; [9 l
may have similar precocious puberty.37 p; q# c9 J6 l0 ]) l
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
; L: [9 H5 Z7 s) R& {2 Usistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-1 f4 H' d; ~* y; ^# k9 L. D7 i
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis0 L8 T$ ]/ @2 D7 _
was in the differential diagnosis because his father0 W& I( c1 p' r: a
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,1 `6 O1 f. x3 M4 K. }3 V- I" J
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the/ Y2 Y  ~  E  |% U0 Y
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-2 J+ V& E7 S) W0 }& q
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our2 X3 N1 U) i4 D' @
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,% T# j  ?( T; n% S4 P0 ?- o1 G
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
# \7 j& X/ V3 R$ ~1 ?- ^6 cdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
& E. F4 k/ _- O' p8 Xing the normal level of adrenal steroids.: c7 c3 D* U3 T/ T- S
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly' j6 ^9 S+ A  \( j4 g
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because& u% m5 Q1 e! b! X* d: o
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
8 x) h' `; F" K' Z8 zpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and8 M& G+ k8 O$ a% [: e
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
! ^' z( K# J" O' P' A8 ?5 A; Y: ]6 Iterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was$ X. c3 r' b) V+ r
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’" Q! ]- S* b! R- V
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
/ z6 S* f0 k9 Z# O, W* @: n! n( ]cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
; {, j  }4 g: l; ]% c) dunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
) x" O7 n2 _/ _, e7 S; U) xSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
7 P, B* k. y' C% Y  Vbaseline value in those females who were exposed to0 H* r: m: e+ t, h. k. H9 ^
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
& L7 e0 J" X5 Lpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
  D( P! a) {+ M# R# [2 u8 Gtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.% l, {$ t" R! G# H$ h8 M! w
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,$ d3 x2 O! V3 }, A6 s( C4 w
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that* \, z- L( K5 ?5 b
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-- Q* K9 K3 w5 V& Z' B
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more( c9 e' O/ B5 V% H
active in young children exposed to testosterone
) H8 ^  ~4 [7 ]3 d1 jexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-6 \+ v, D3 M# r' T
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to9 p. O8 _% n- m6 L
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
: d4 k; t% d+ `2 Y9 s. Jchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
2 M3 o( p: `( X% gadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
) s& B9 L# \0 [# F+ g# FThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
! K& ?  c* m) |: {% x# M9 g5 b  Searly childhood on pubertal development and final: q& F* I, `% y7 A' Q$ C
adult height are not fully known and always remain! `9 P2 a7 v- u) s! Y( s
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-9 X9 n# Z3 C/ q! i0 @
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some* b2 v3 p& c* C4 s+ i  M
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after, `3 e$ Z: E( @# Y
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
7 C: w9 I6 n( |! }7 q4 x# ^decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,99 A; W& ~% G9 @/ ~0 G  {6 E  P
There are conflicting reports and controversy+ `* Q7 H, K1 |! U# L) T2 Y$ t) C2 P+ I
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult5 W9 j7 b- K: j2 w( W6 t
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal0 C+ a! s/ H0 s) T
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-" H5 g( }3 D  @) U
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
5 o0 J. X% p& b  a$ m+ T# QSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between6 y: ^0 g. e) W; h! ]  c. F
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
  \8 m1 v. p1 F2 y; m# K' m+ ypenile length in clinical studies.
8 h9 b9 [# \8 c9 q! j# INonetheless, we do not believe our patient is/ e, Y/ J. v$ s. [+ M
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
1 b. P; J( v/ {, Z& Btestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because: `7 Z. a6 y* j1 o7 v  e
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time./ {; H9 K! d* a! q$ o, G
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of0 I8 `9 V  ^6 t. X7 [# H
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at( l5 m6 S! Y. y$ Y' H  q4 N7 \
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
" W5 F3 N% ^6 E% o1 F2 P: H" b! ~0 Fheight will not be affected.  M; ^3 x3 Z% \) O( H
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-- t0 u: i0 C2 T! H
ability of androgen products in our society may
4 f& N( \) M( f7 ?5 N; P- c2 v' Eindeed cause more virilization in male or female2 F2 ~; Z3 M! I6 k8 q
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-: C2 f' Q0 }  P6 c+ U2 o
gen products must be considered and specific ques-, Q3 A# u4 c5 o! N0 h* w. _# [+ E+ p7 y) J
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or, A! o% M2 ]) f3 J; u6 W! x
gel should be asked of the family members during0 t2 Q0 f' I& e6 _
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
5 J! G& x8 i- H8 m+ X8 Xilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-' m3 m0 Z* i; H$ y: T
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
9 G$ o& Z& s# M- i4 J' b* Vappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a* g' H% K( a0 u0 D+ Y9 R) l- o
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may4 q, o) {* i6 e* j& I# w
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive9 {( y& ]# z; }! V+ Q% L5 K) I
investigation. The primary care physician should be4 f2 m/ Y& R+ |/ ]; P# f  u# I
aware of this fact, because most of these children) K; C% j5 Q% M  f2 U6 t
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’! f3 y5 O: d: A( \  L
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a4 i1 L! u% X( }/ C7 k
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or8 f; N; b0 t4 Q" [, J0 o
female child who might come in contact with some-) l" {: k: K, _" w! L" L
one using any of these products.( ^3 A! J5 V: n7 w7 r
References
1 |1 o2 S! g" {' q( }4 o9 l1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation; Q1 [+ |8 d7 g+ f
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric* Y* ]: L6 J2 M& o( `, u
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;1 E" a) `9 |0 [; {- G' ]+ [& r
2002: 565-628.
3 q& }6 w. v; l8 U' r6 M" ~, n2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious$ R4 ^4 T- T! K/ u9 }% n
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

0 g# [2 U) x# {" @+ k精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-11 12:31:56 | 顯示全部樓層
么好吧v进化过程就回国参加发uft成就和;哦i回来就好v科技股份兄弟人的 路由公开vu个v库每年b
發表於 2025-4-8 11:10:25 | 顯示全部樓層
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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